{"id":1139,"date":"2023-12-24T12:19:35","date_gmt":"2023-12-24T06:49:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1139"},"modified":"2023-12-24T12:21:42","modified_gmt":"2023-12-24T06:51:42","slug":"intellectual-property-law-rights-law-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1139","title":{"rendered":"Intellectual Property Law &#038; Rights &#8211; Law Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1139\/#Intellectual_Property_Law_Rights\" >Intellectual Property Law &amp; Rights<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1139\/#Meaning_of_Intellectual_Property\" >Meaning of Intellectual Property :<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1139\/#Why_legal_protection_for_intellectual_property\" >Why legal protection for intellectual property :<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1139\/#Evolution_Development_of_IPRs_at_international_and_national_level\" >Evolution &amp; Development of IPRs at international and national level<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1139\/#Agreement_on_Trade_Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_TRIPS_%E2%80%93\" >Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS)&nbsp;\u2013<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1139\/#What_Is_the_General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade_GATT\" >What Is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ? :<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1139\/#Indias_legal_framework_caters_to_the_following_areas_of_intellectual_property\" >India\u2019s legal framework caters to the following areas of intellectual property:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Intellectual_Property_Law_Rights\"><\/span><strong><u>Intellectual Pr<\/u><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><u>operty Law<\/u> &amp; Rights<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"755\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1159\" style=\"width:649px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-5.png 755w, https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-5-300x175.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>** According to Halsbury\u2019s Laws of England, <strong>\u2018property\u2019<\/strong> is that which belongs to a person exclusively of others and can be subject to <strong>bargain<\/strong> and <strong>sale<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>** Property is a very wide term to define. So many descriptions are given in law dictionaries to explain what is property. To summarise all these definitions, we can say that,  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cProperty means property of <strong>any kind<\/strong>, whether <strong>movable<\/strong> or <strong>immovable<\/strong>, <strong>tangible<\/strong> or <strong>intangible<\/strong> and includes any <strong>right or interest<\/strong> in such property. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Meaning_of_Intellectual_Property\"><\/span><strong>Meaning of Intellectual Property<\/strong> : <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Human beings are superior from other living creatures because they possess intellect {intelligence}. Creative brilliance of human being creates intellectual property; which in turn, when properly exploited, can earn wealth. Since it is essentially a creation of mind, therefore, it is called  \u2018Intellectual Property\u2019.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  ** Intellectual Property of whatever species (kind) is in the nature of intangible property. In each case it consist of a <strong>bundle of rights<\/strong> in relation to certain material (important) object created by the owner.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  ** The law relating to intellectual property is based on certain basic concepts. e.g.,\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1160\" height=\"708\" src=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/c-users-aditya-desktop-ipr-types-of-intellectual-1-2.png\" alt=\"C:\\Users\\ADITYA\\Desktop\\IPR\\Types-of-intellectual-property-3.png\" class=\"wp-image-1148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/c-users-aditya-desktop-ipr-types-of-intellectual-1-2.png 1160w, https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/c-users-aditya-desktop-ipr-types-of-intellectual-1-2-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/c-users-aditya-desktop-ipr-types-of-intellectual-1-2-1024x625.png 1024w, https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/c-users-aditya-desktop-ipr-types-of-intellectual-1-2-768x469.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1160px) 100vw, 1160px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Patent Law<\/strong> : Centres round the concepts of novelty (lack of anticipation) and inventive step (lack of obviousness).\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Trade Marks :<\/strong> Concept of distinctiveness (distinguishable) and similarity of marks and of goods.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Copyright :<\/strong> Originality and reproduction of the work in any  material(object\/stuff) form.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Design Law :<\/strong> Novelty or originality of the design not previously published in India or any other country.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Semiconductor Integrated circuits Layout- Design : <\/strong>&nbsp;It is a supplement act to designs. It fulfills the obligations of TRIPS agreement  regarding the protection of semiconductor integrated circuits layout- designs.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Geographical Indication :<\/strong> Protection against false and misleading indication of goods which have acquired a special importance on account of their association with <em>indication of source<\/em> though it naturally found, agriculturally cultivated or manufactured.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Trade Secrets :<\/strong> Trade secrets are\u00a0intellectual property rights on confidential information which may be sold or licensed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_legal_protection_for_intellectual_property\"><\/span><strong>Why legal protection for intellectual property :  <\/strong>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Every human endeavor (effort) which promote economic, social, scientific and cultural development of society must be encouraged and the creator must be suitably rewarded by affording legal protection to his intellectual creation. Thus the IPR\u2019s are legal rights governing the use of creations of human minds. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Evolution_Development_of_IPRs_at_international_and_national_level\"><\/span><strong>Evolution <\/strong>&amp;<strong> Development of IPRs at international and national level<\/strong> \n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Industrial revolution in 19<sup>th<\/sup> century gave motivation to invention.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first multilateral effort was made through <strong>Paris Convention<\/strong> for Protection of <strong>Industrial Property<\/strong> held on <strong>20<sup>th<\/sup> March, 1883<\/strong> in Paris. It was followed by <strong>Berne Convention for protection of Literary &amp; Artist works in 1886 in Berne, Switzerland<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Together, these two international efforts can be termed as the \u2018<em>Magna Carta<\/em>\u2019 of IPR\u2019s. Since then IPR regime has made a long journey and with the <strong>establishment<\/strong> of <strong>WIPO <\/strong>(World Intellectual Property Organization) and <strong>TRIPs<\/strong> (<strong>Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property)<\/strong>, the IPR jurisprudence has been firmly established at international as well as national level. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two main bodies \u2013  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)<\/mark><\/strong> under UN which administers around 7 treaties mentioned below.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Another relevant body is the <strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">World Trading Organization (WTO)<\/mark>.<\/strong>   \u2018<strong>Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property<\/strong> (TRIPS)\u2019 is administered by the WTO.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"698\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1160\" style=\"width:528px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-6.png 698w, https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-6-300x110.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Paris Convention for Industrial Property, 1883<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;Since it deals only with Industrial property, it covered only Patents and Trademarks. It was among the first treaties to recognize various principles of international trade like National Treatment, Right of Priority, Common rules etc.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Bern convention for literary and artistic works, 1886&nbsp;\u2013<\/strong>&nbsp;It provided for a copyright system. It doesn\u2019t provide for any formality to claim protection. Protection is automatically accorded to any creation, provided work is original and other conditions under the treaty are fulfilled. It means that your work, if original, is already protected. You can claim that you have copyright.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Madrid Agreement, 1881&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;<\/strong>Governs the international recognition of trademarks. Made international fillings easy and cheap.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. Patent cooperation treaty, 1970<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 It was earlier not possible for an entity to claim protection in different countries by single application. This was made possible as it aimed for co-operation and it was open for all parties to the Paris convention.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5<\/strong>. <strong>Budapest Treaty of 1980&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;<\/strong>It made possible patenting for microorganisms. Claimant is required to deposit his invention on micro-organisms with an Authority \u2013 \u2018International depository of Micro-Organisms\u2019 under WIPO. He shall make all the adequate disclosures.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Trademark Law Treaty, 1994&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;<\/strong>Harmonized administrative procedures and introduced \u2018service marks\u2019 in ambit of trade marks. Earlier trademarks were accorded only to goods.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. The Hague agreement concerning the International Deposit of \u2018Industrial Design\u2019 1925&nbsp;\u2013 It&nbsp;<\/strong>created the International Design Bureau of WIPO.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Agreement_on_Trade_Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_TRIPS_%E2%80%93\"><\/span><strong>Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS)&nbsp;\u2013 <\/strong>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>It<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is a landmark and most comprehensive treaty on Intellectual property. While earlier treaties\u2019 subject matters were specific, <strong>TRIPS deal with 8 kinds of property rights<\/strong> \u2013 Patents, Trademarks, trade dress, Copyrights, Industrial Designs, Plant Varieties, Integrated Circuits and layouts, and Geographical Indication.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Further, almost all countries are party to TRIP. In earlier treaties only limited countries participated.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It also provides an enforcement mechanism which was not available in WIPO treaties. It mandated all member countries to make their domestic laws compliant to TRIPS.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> India passed certain laws and amended others. India\u2019s IPR regime now stands fully compliant to TRIPS. For e.g. India amended patent law in 2005 to provide \u2018product\u2019 patent protection. Earlier protection was available only to \u2018processes\u2019. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TRIPS were the results of discussions held in the Uruguay round which led to the formation of WTO. This treaty is an offshoot (branch) of the General Agreement on Trade in Goods (GATT). This treaty provided a robust(strong) Dispute Resolution Mechanism and stringent penal provisions under auspices(protection) of WTO. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_the_General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade_GATT\"><\/span><strong>What Is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ?<\/strong> : <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)<\/mark>, signed in 1947 by 23 countries, is a treaty minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and subsidies. It was intended to boost economic recovery after World War II. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>GATT was expanded and refined over the years, leading to the creation in 1995 of the\u00a0World Trade Organization (WTO), which absorbed the organization created to implement GATT. By then, 125 nations were signatories to its agreements, which covered about 90% of global trade. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed by 23 countries in October 1947, after World War II, and became law on  Jan, 1, 1948. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The purpose of the GATT was to make international trade easier. The GATT held eight rounds in total, from April 1947 to December 1993, each with significant achievements and outcomes.  In 1995, the GATT was absorbed into the World Trade Organization (WTO), which extended it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Further, every treaty under WTO is based some principle which are \u2013 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>National Treatment<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 No foreign products, once they enter domestic territories, shall be discriminated against in any manner. This also applies to intellectual property. Members must accord similar treatment to foreign creations, as they do to domestic ones.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Most Favored Nation<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 If a member provides some privilege, favorable treatment or exemption to another country or group, then other members must get similar favorable treatment.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Right to priority treatment<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 If a similar patent application has been filed in two different countries, then the prior applicant has the right to the patent.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Concept of Minimum Standards<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 This treaty provides for a minimum level of protection that every member should provide to intellectual property. Members have discretion to provide more protection than minimum standards.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Universal Copyright Convention, 1952 \u2013 This&nbsp;<\/strong>convention is administered by UNESCO. This exists simultaneously with the Bern Convention. This treaty provides for procedural formalities for filing and recognition of copyright. As Bern convention provides for an automatic route to copyright, this treaty has lost its relevance.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indias_legal_framework_caters_to_the_following_areas_of_intellectual_property\"><\/span>India\u2019s legal framework caters to the following areas of intellectual property:  <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Trade Marks, Patents, Copyrights, Industrial designs, Geographical indications, Layout designs of integrated circuit, Varieties of plant,Information Technology and Cybercrimes, Data protection. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Intellectual properties rights in India is governed under the following Acts<\/em>:\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  Trade Marks Act, 1999\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  The Patents Act, 1970 (amended in 2005)\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  The Copyright Act, 1957 (amended in 1999)\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  The Designs Act, 2000\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  The Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act, 2001\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  The Information Technology Act, 2000\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\n  The Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Lay out Designs Act, 2000\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Intellectual Property Law &amp; Rights ** According to Halsbury\u2019s Laws of England, \u2018property\u2019 is that which belongs to a person<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-law-notes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Intellectual Property Law &amp; Rights - Law Notes - Law Tribune<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1139\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Intellectual Property Law &amp; 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