{"id":1509,"date":"2025-03-05T20:26:57","date_gmt":"2025-03-05T14:56:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509"},"modified":"2025-03-05T20:31:43","modified_gmt":"2025-03-05T15:01:43","slug":"salient-features-of-the-indian-constitution-constitutional-law-notes-law-tribune","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509","title":{"rendered":"Salient Features of the Indian Constitution-Constitutional Law Notes-Law Tribune"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#The_Lengthiest_Constitution_of_the_World\" >The Lengthiest Constitution of the World :<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#Establishment_of_a_Sovereign_Socialist_Secular_Democratic_Republic\" >Establishment of a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#Parliamentary_form_of_Government\" >Parliamentary form of Government<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#_A_unique_blend_of_rigidity_and_flexibility\" >\u00a0A unique blend of rigidity and flexibility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#Fundamental_Rights\" >Fundamental Rights<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#Nature_of_the_Constitution\" >Nature of the Constitution<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#Directive_Principles_of_State_Policy\" >Directive Principles of State Policy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#Fundamental_Duties\" >Fundamental Duties<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#Single_Citizenship\" >Single Citizenship<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#An_Independent_Judiciary\" >An Independent Judiciary<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#Judicial_Review\" >Judicial Review<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#A_Secular_State\" >A Secular State<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#Adult_suffrage\" >Adult suffrage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/lawtribune.in\/?p=1509\/#Independent_Election_Machinery\" >Independent Election Machinery.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Lengthiest_Constitution_of_the_World\"><\/span><strong>The Lengthiest Constitution of the World :<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The Indian Constitution is one of the lengthiest constitutions in the world and it is also very detailed. While the American Constitution originally consisted of only 7 Articles, the Australian Constitution 128 Articles, the Canadian Constitution 147 Articles, in our Constitution there are 12 schedules and 448 articles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Indian Constitution has incorporated various articles by taking inspiration from the various constitutions around the world.&nbsp;The framers of the Indian Constitution have gained experience from the working of all the known Constitutions of the world. They were aware of the difficulties faced in the working of these Constitutions. This was the reason that they sought to incorporate good provisions of those Constitutions in order to avoid defects and loopholes that might come in future in the working of the Indian Constitution. For eg<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fundamental rights on the model of the American Constitution<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adopted parliamentary system of Government from the UK.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The idea of directive principles of state policy from the Constitution of Ireland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Added elaborate provisions relating to emergency in the light of the Constitution of the German.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But, the parent document for drafting the Indian Constitution was the Government of India Act 1935, and that document itself was very lengthy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Establishment_of_a_Sovereign_Socialist_Secular_Democratic_Republic\"><\/span><strong>Establishment of a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The Preamble of our Constitution provides India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic Country. There are also various other terms in the Preamble which ensure equality and protect people. The various other terms are Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Parliamentary_form_of_Government\"><\/span><strong>Parliamentary form of Government<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The Bicameral (\u0926\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0947 \/ \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u0926\u0928\u0940) Legislature system is followed in our country. (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bicameralism\">Bicameral<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legislature\">legislature<\/a> is&nbsp;composed of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_India\">President of India<\/a>&nbsp;and the two houses: the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rajya_Sabha\">Rajya Sabha<\/a>&nbsp;(Council of States) and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lok_Sabha\">Lok Sabha<\/a>&nbsp;(House of the People).)The Unicameral legislature system is followed in countries like Norway. The law making procedure is easy in the unicameral legislature but the bicameral legislature is effective as there would be a lot of discussions and deliberations before making legislation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Constitution of India establishes a parliamentary form of Government both at the Centre and the States. In this respect the makers of the Constitution have followed the British model in toto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The essence of the Parliamentary form of Government is its responsibility to the Legislature. The President is the constitutional head of the state. The real executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers whose head is the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lower House i.e. Lok Sabha. The members of the lower house are elected directly by the people normally for five years. Articles 74 and Article 75 is concerned with the Parliamentary system at the centre and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/674146\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Article 163<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/578636\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Article 164<\/a>&nbsp;is concerned with the Parliamentary system at the states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parliamentary v. Presidential System :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Presidential form of Government is followed in countries like the United States of America. The President is the head of the State in the Presidential System of Government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Parliamentary system is preferred over the Presidential system as it ensures the equal distribution of power and also power is not within the hands of a single person. The drafters of our constitution did not prefer the presidential system as the executive and legislatures would become independent of each other. The makers felt that this would be an issue afterwards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the outset it has to be made clear that the framers of the Constitution preferred the parliamentary system of government mainly for two reasons : (1) The system was already in existence in India and people were well acquainted with it. (2) It provides for accountability of ministers to the Legislature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_A_unique_blend_of_rigidity_and_flexibility\"><\/span>\u00a0<strong>A unique blend of rigidity and flexibility<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The Indian Constitution is neither rigid nor flexible, this is also one of the reasons for its length. The famous example of the rigid constitution is the Constitution of the U.S., and it is known as a rigid constitution as the amendment process is very difficult. The Indian Constitution is not very difficult to amend, as the Constitution of The U.S.A.&nbsp;It has gone through 103 amendments so far but there are certain steps to be satisfied before bringing in the amendment. Thus the Indian Constitution is a unique blend of rigidity and flexibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Amendment depends upon the nature of amendment eg<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Amendment of fundamental right : rigid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Change names of State : not rigid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fundamental_Rights\"><\/span><strong>Fundamental Rights<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Part III of the Indian Constitution deals with fundamental rights. If any law which violates fundamental right is void. Fundamental rights are prohibitions against the State. The State cannot make a law which takes away any of the rights of the citizens guaranteed in part III.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nature_of_the_Constitution\"><\/span><strong>Nature of the Constitution<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The Constitution of India is both federal and unitary in nature. The combination of federal and unitary system is unique feature of the Indian Constitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Directive_Principles_of_State_Policy\"><\/span><strong>Directive Principles of State Policy<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Part IV of the Constitution set out the aims and objectives to be taken up by the States in the governance of the country. Unlike the fundamental right these rights are not justiciable. If the State is unable to implement any provisions of part IV, no action can be brought against the State in a law court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fundamental_Duties\"><\/span><strong>Fundamental Duties<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The Constitution (42<sup>nd<\/sup> Amendment Act), 1976 has introduced a code of \u201cfundamental duties\u201d under Article 51-A. It requires the citizens to observe certain basic norms of democratic conduct and democratic behaviours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Single_Citizenship\"><\/span><strong>Single Citizenship<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>There is no separate citizenship for the States and the Centre like in various federal countries like the U.S.A. There is single citizenship provided to our citizens.&nbsp; Every Indian is the citizen of India and enjoys&nbsp; the same rights of citizenship no matter in what State he resides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"An_Independent_Judiciary\"><\/span><strong>An Independent Judiciary<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The Judiciary ensures the proper functioning of the constitution and the enforcement of various provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution makers ensured that Judiciary has to be independent so that it will not be biased. The Supreme court is considered as the watchdog of democracy. There are various provisions in the Article which ensures the independence of the judiciary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judicial_Review\"><\/span><strong>Judicial Review<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of judicial review is an essential feature of the Constitution which helps the constitution to work properly. The judiciary is considered to be the guardian of the constitution, thus it is the duty of the judiciary to check the actions that are violative of various articles in the Constitution. The actions of various organs of the government like executive and legislature can be questioned by the judiciary using the judicial review. The judicial review is an important check and balances in the separation of powers. The court that is authorized with the power of judicial review can invalidate any act that is violative of the various basic features of the Constitution. Article 32 of the Indian Constitution is the article related to the Judicial review in the Supreme Court.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/indiankanoon.org\/doc\/1712542\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Article 226<\/a>&nbsp;is related to the judicial review in the High Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Secular_State\"><\/span><strong>A Secular State<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The term Secular State means that there is no separate religion for the State and every religion is respected equally in the State. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution itself states that India has to be a secular state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Adult_suffrage\"><\/span><strong>Adult suffrage<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of Adult suffrage allows every citizen of our country who is above eighteen years has the right to vote in the elections. Any adult who is eligible to vote should not be discriminated on any basis like gender, caste and religion. This provision was added in the sixty-first amendment which is also known as the Constitution Act, 1988. The accepted age for voting was twenty-one before this amendment afterwards it was changed to 18 years of age. Article 326 of the Indian Constitution guarantees this right. There are also certain disqualifications provided under Article like:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Non-residence;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unsound mind;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Criminals who are indulged in the corrupt and illegal practice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The persons with these disqualifications are not accepted as a registered voter and they are not allowed to cast votes in the election.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Independent_Election_Machinery\"><\/span><strong>Independent Election Machinery<\/strong>.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Election commission who is appointed under constitution is an independent body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Lengthiest Constitution of the World : The Indian Constitution is one of the lengthiest constitutions in the world and<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1509","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-constitutional-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - 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